Acerspp.
If you ’re look for a focal pointedness to really arrange off your home ’s curb appealingness , do n’t overlook Japanese maple Tree .
Japanese maple most usually refers to any cultivar ofAcer palmatum , which is native to Japan , China , and Korea .
But cultivars ofA. japonicumandA. shirasawanumare sometimes thrown into the mix as well – which are also native to Japan .
Photo by Kristine Lofgren.
And , with over 1,000 cultivars , hybrids , and varieties , you will , without question , find one to suit your every desire .
We connect to vendors to avail you find relevant product . If you buy from one of our links , we may take in a commission .
These big deciduous bush or little trees fare in a turn of shapes and size .
Photo by Kristine Lofgren.
Upright or weeping . Tall and picturesque . Short and muscular . They come in a multitude of shapes and sizes .
Their delicate , often purple leave-taking turn some sorting of brilliant shade of red , orangish , or yellow in the dusk .
Their characteristic hoar bark creates a open silhouette in the moonlight and is beautiful against snow in the winter , and their branching limbs offer balance to any design .
Japanese maples have the power to define your landscape .
Need one ( or two , or three … ) in your life ? Here ’s what we ’ll discuss in the upcoming templet :
What You’ll Learn
Before you run out to buy one ( because you really should ) , here ’s what you want to get it on .
Cultivation and History
Japanese maple have been a part of Japanese history for century . The first mention of them was as early on as the 7th hundred , and by the 1700s they were being widely cultivated .
Over the centuries , they have been bred and refine into one C of beautiful cultivars .
From Japan , they gradually spread out across the globe , reaching the West in the 1820s .
When we talk about Japanese maples , we are n’t referring to just one species , but nearly two dozenAcerspeciesthat are aboriginal to Japan .
A. palmatum , A. japonicum , andA. shirasawanumare the most vulgar , but you ’ll also seeA. micranthum , A. tschonoskii , A. rufinerve , andA. argutum , among others being sold under the name Nipponese maple .
Most cultivar are cold intrepid to around 20 ° F , or suited to growing inUSDA Hardiness Zones5 through 9 .
of course , these small trees grow in the understory of woodlands , where sunshine is dappled . So , a position in fond shade is meet .
Japanese Maple Propagation
Japanese maples can range from cheap to inordinately expensive at the storage , which is why it can be a good projection to propagate them yourself at house .
Plus , if you have a tree that does particularly well in your or a neighbor ’s yard , you could take a press cutting and have another that you already know does well in your area !
From Seed
you may grow Nipponese maple from seed , but keep in mind that your new tree wo n’t grow true to type . That means that it might not have the same deeply - lob leaves as the parent tree diagram , or the people of color wo n’t be as striking .
Nipponese maples flower in the bound , with midget small flower .
Over the summertime , the bloom release into the slight “ chopper ” ( also recognize as samaras ) we all make out and loved as Kyd .
These source pods have little “ annex ” attached to the semen itself , and they spin like the blade of a helicopter as they fall from the tree to the ground in the recent summer or fall .
Once you see the come seedpod starting to light off the tree diagram , it ’s time to collect them . Act fast , because once the pods set out falling , the whole tree will drop its seeds within a matter of Day .
Of of course , you could pick the pods up from the ground , if you desire , but pod picked impertinent from the tree diagram seem to germinate best .
you could always implant the seed straight off in the ground after they fall from the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , but this can be a bit hit or lack . It ’s best to reap the seeds , prove their viability , and then inhuman stratify them in ejaculate tray .
To harvest the seeds , break the “ wing ” off the pods and place the seeds in a bowlful of way temperature water for 24 hours .
Then , amass all the seeds that have dropped to the bottom of the container . The ace that swim bladder are n’t executable .
If you live in Zones 4 to 7 , constitute them in container to set out . Fill a seeding flat with a come - starting culture medium to three quarter of an in from the top and place the seed four inch asunder .
cut through with a quarter of an inch of stain and repose a piece of mesh topology screen or hardware material over the top . Now , place the flat outside in the common cold in a part shaded field for the entire winter .
This is a rude path to cold stratify the seeds . Keep the dirt moist but not wet until germination . In the fountain , you ’ll commence to see tiny green sprouts come out . Remove the ironware textile and aim the flat in a shaded area .
For those in Zones 8 and 9 , you ’ll have to do the stratification knead artificially . grade the soak ejaculate in a udder filled with moist sand . Force the air out and seal the bag . Then , place it in the icebox for three months . Check every few weeks to make certain the grit is still moist .
In the early spring , commit the artificially cold stratified seeds four column inch apart in a prostrate fill with a seed - starting medium . Something with equal parts compost andcoco coir is ideal .
Place it in a window with shiny , indirect sun for at least four 60 minutes a day , and keep the intermediate moist .
With either method acting , once the seedlings emerge and have grown one set of straight leave , you could transplant them into their lasting smear as described below .
Before transplant outdoors from indoors , be sure to indurate the new seedlings off by put them out of doors in a protected expanse for an hour . After that , bring them back at bottom .
The next day , take them outdoors for two hour . Add an hour each Clarence Shepard Day Jr. until the plants can stay outside for a full eight hours .
see more tips on disseminate from seed here .
From Cuttings
Not all maples root well from cuttings , but many do , so it ’s worth a try . In the spring , take softwood cuttings ( rather than hardwood one ) using a uninfected pair of clippers .
Hardwood is the wood that has deform brown and hardened , while softwood is generally green or red , depending on the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , and is ductile .
dress the peak of a branch so that you have about five in of indulgent tissue and at least two leaf nodes ( the spot where the leave emerge from the offset ) . Make the undercut at a 45 - degree angle and murder any folio from the low half .
Dip the end of the cutting in a rooting hormone .
I use Bontone II Rooting Powder and it has always work well for me . It ’s an essential part of my gardening outfit , and if you are mean of adding some to your toolkit , pick some up at Arbico Organics .
Bontone II Rooting Powder
Plant your cuttings in four - inch containers filled with a soilless rooting spiritualist . A 50 - 50 commixture of sand and perlite or vermiculite is ideal . Poke a single hole in the center of the land in each container and insert a cutting .
tauten the medium around the base and water to correct the stain . Put a chopstick on either side of each cutting so that it extends an inch or two above the thinning , and cover the container with clear plastic like a gallon - size bag .
Check the cuttings day by day to ensure the rooting medium stays moist but not wet . After four week , give the cuttings a aristocratic tug . They should refuse .
At that point , they ’ve developed root and you could replant them after a period of temper off , as described above in the division on propagating seed .
From Seedlings/Transplanting
Planting transplantation all part with the hole you dig .
Make indisputable it ’s large enough – usually doubly as broad as the root clod , and just late enough that the top of the root orchis is flush with or just above the soil dividing line once it ’s watered in .
A little too mellow is okay . Too inscrutable , and you may have some problem .
If the solution are bound up , go ahead and make a few cutswith your prunersor a tongue to release some of them up .
Backfill the hole well , adding some compost if desired . Make trusted to pack the soil down to get it to settle .
Also , do n’t forget to discipline that the luggage compartment is straightforward , and if the plant is grafted , make certain the graft joint is positioned above the soil .
Temporary staking may be a undecomposed approximation if your tree diagram is especially tall at the clip of planting , or if you experience frequent gamy winds . Bare root plants should also be stake for the first grow season .
How to Grow Japanese Maples
Before even thinking about plant a Japanese maple in your yard , rent ’s see if they ’re a good tantrum for your location .
While partial shade is ideal , full sun is bully too if you live in a northern zone where summer temperatures are n’t as intense .
But if it get really hot in your area , some shade is extremely advocate . Otherwise , young leaves may combust and scald .
Variegated types are most vulnerable to leaf singe . While it in all probability wo n’t kill the tree , it ’s definitely unsightly .
As a incentive , these beauties can even tolerate full tincture – just bonk that the leaf color may not be what you carry and flow genius may suffer as well .
Your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree might also become leggy and gangling , or mature at an angle . For case , this dwarf tree in the pic below only receives about an hour of sunlight a solar day .
As a result , it has stretched up to reach the cheer over the 15 year it has been growing in that spot .
The soil type can be almost anything – remains , loam , grit – but it has to be well draining . Water - logged land is a certain fashion to kill almost any Japanese maple .
It ’s also best if the soil is slightly acid , with a pH between 5.5 . and 6.5 .
If planted in clay soil , verify it ’s on high ground to avoid support water .
nanus diversity typically max out between six and eight foot , while taller single can reach over 40 feet , so take size into story when planting . Knowing how much blank you have to grow your plant will determine which salmagundi are a possible scene .
An field with a width of at least five foot is a good starting point for a gnome tree to spread out . You ’ll need to increase the size of the aforethought footprint consequently if you end up pick out a larger Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree .
Read the information card that comes with the industrial plant to get an idea of its matured size , or be trusted to do your research before you shit .
If you ’re o.k. with pruning a small heavier every class , you may in all likelihood maintain your tree at a sure size . But if low care is your golden ticket , pick a cultivar with a born growth habit suitable for the outer space you have .
The absolute majority of cultivars are considered dull growing , put on less than one foot of raw maturation every year .
hand down , the most vulnerable fourth dimension for a tree is during the first few yr after it has been transplant . And it ’s no different for Japanese maple .
While established Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can withstand dry spells , new transplanted ones can not . So , whatever you do , do not let your tree dry out in its first few years after being transplanted . After that , the first few inches of the filth can dry out in between lachrymation .
Trees planted in full sunshine , peculiarly in hotter climates , will take more body of water in oecumenical , even after they are launch .
One of the ( many ) gracious things about Japanese maples is that they are kind ofblack walnut tree trees ( Juglans nigra ) .
Many plants will go bad to flourish or die if planted near them because ofthe juglone chemicalthat bootleg walnut and their relation put out . But maple can wield it .
you could also farm your maple in a container , just remember that you ’ll need to be diligent about pruning to keep it in arrest .
clean a dwarf cultivar , and take using some sort of containerirrigation system , since containers tend to dry out more promptly than the ground .
commend that manyJapanese maple are engraft . With a grafted flora , you need to follow for lapse ( we ’ll babble out about this more in the part on pruning and maintenance below ) .
Mulching
Afew inches of mulchwill assistance to retain moisture , not to cite suppress sens and regulate dirt temperature .
Be sure not to mulch too close around the base of the body , which will surround it . Lay mulch very gently closemouthed to the trunk , and thick as you move away from the trunk .
Japanese maple are typically former to flip out in the spring , which is great for aesthetic . However , late spring frosts could kill off the unfermented growth .
Trees planted in full sunlight are especially susceptible to tardy saltation Frost , as these areas will warm up quicker and encourage branches to leaf out earlier .
One way to delay thumb out is to tot up a heavyset stratum of mulch around the base of the tree diagram , between three and four inches .
Again , debar clumping mulch up against the luggage compartment . It wo n’t be happy .
Fertilizing
dressing may not ever be necessary , and too much can bring to problem like reversion , as described in more detail in the section below on pruning , and susceptibility to some diseases .
But if you notice your tree diagram looking less than sizable , consider a soil test . We partake more information about the steps you need to take at dwelling tohave your soil analyzed here .
In lieu of a dirt test , the dependable option is to maintain a low level of fertility .
Since specimens are in general slow grow , too much fertilizer – peculiarly nitrogen – can be specially harmful .
A plant food forge specifically for Nipponese maples is ideal , but you’re able to also use a insure - release , all - purpose plant food , such as Osmocote Plus Indoor and Outdoor Plant Food . Apply this in the former spring after the last frost .
Osmocote Plus Indoor and Outdoor Plant Food
poke six - inch - deep hole midway between the drip line and the trunk every few feet , and apply the fertilizer according to the maker ’s advocate amount .
Need to pick up some fertilizer?Home Depot carries Osmocotein eight - pound bags .
Remember , since the tree are prostrate to ice harm , it ’s important to hold back until after the last rime to fecundate . fertiliser advance leaf growth , and we do n’t want that before the timing is good .
Get more top on fertilise Japanese maple trees here .
Growing Tips
Pruning and Maintenance
To prune , use a clean pair of clippers that has been wiped with a textile dipped in one part blanching agent to ten role pee . This cleaning gradation helps to keep the spread of disease .
In the heart of winter , before any novel increase has come out , head up outside to do the majority of your pruning . That means shaping and removing any rubbing or crowded offset . If your tree is becoming overgrown , you may trim it back by up to a third , but not more .
If you ’re shorten a branch , trim it back to the joint where two modest stem emerge to give your cold shoulder a clean look .
If you are take away an entire branch , trim it back to the branch collar , which is the shoulder between the branch and the trunk .
you’re able to polish off morbid or dead branch at any meter of year , but be careful not to do your major pruning in late winter or early spring . This can result in too much new growth before the last frost , which could kill your plant .
This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree in the pic below needs some serious pruning to get rid of the dead outgrowth . When your tree looks like this , it ’s okay to remove the bushed wood at any time of year .
There is an exception to cut back with shears or clippers , and that ’s if you see what is called plant life turnaround . This happens when a graft plant has an errant cell and it tries to turn back back to its parent form .
That ’s because the cells that resulted in the beautiful variation that was so appealing to the tree diagram grower that they decide to ingraft it onto another tree are more prone to chromosomal mutation than others .
This can also appear in the form of a shoot emerging from below the graft line .
Most usual in variegated plants , it ’s easy to recognise these since you ’ll see a branch full of solid leaves growing amidst the otherwise variegated foliage .
If you see leave-taking form that appear to belong to a dissimilar character of Japanese maple , charge off the entire outgrowth or theme – do n’t skip it . That way , you ’re more likely to rip out the errant cells , since pruning is likely to remove the limb beyond the point of the reversion .
For suckers emerging out of the territory , be diligent about clip these as close to the dirt as potential , and be quick for them to render .
If you do n’t catch these cursorily , they could propagate and your entire tree diagram will revert .
For more tips , read our Japanese maple tree pruning guide here .
Japanese Maple Varieties to Select
In general , there are two main kind of Japanese maples :
They ’re either a more compact , large bush with lacy leaves that lean to separate lower andeven become weeping , or they ’re more erect , with a vase - like body structure and tree diagram form .
From there , you could commonly find varieties with different leaf colour , normally majestic , red , or gullible during the summer , and someamazing shade of crimson , orangish , or yellow during the fall . There are also trees with vary leafage .
To make things prissy and organise , the Maple Society officially classify Japanese maple into 17 group . If you require to have sex more , we have an intact guideto make thing clear .
call up , there are hundreds of maple to choose from , so you ’ll need to utilise a few steps to specialize your selection down .
Cold hardiness is cultivar specific , so verify you eff your growing zone .
Also , if you plan togrow your Japanese maple in a container , pick out a variety that ’s unfearing to two zone north of your area . Or , be prepare toprovide winter protection .
Decide precisely where you desire it , and mold that it ’s a good location per the recommendation above beforehand .
Atropurpureum
This cultivar is one of the most popularA. palmatumforms out there . It ’s actually a group of cultivar and hybrids that are vertical with red foliage , but you ’ll often see them all just number under this name .
You ’ll often fleck these works at big name home supply stores and at nurseries . It has moody purple leaves ( atropurpureum means drear purple ) that turn bright redness in the declension .
It ’s more cold dauntless than many other cultivar , farm well down to Zone 5 , and reaches up to 25 feet tall when ripe .
Bloodgood
A. palatum‘Bloodgood ’ is another popular cultivar that you ’ll often blot at glasshouse and house supply stores . It grow to about 20 feet tall and wide , and is suited to Zones 5 to 8 .
With an upright ontogenesis use , the burgundy colour leaf have five or seven cryptical lobe .
‘ Bloodgood ’
This cultivar received the Award of Garden of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1993 .
piece up ‘ Bloodgood’at Maple Ridge Nurseryin one- , three- , seven- , 15- , or 25 - gal container .
acquire more about ‘ Bloodgood ’ here .
Full Moon
A. japonicum‘Aconitifolium , ’ aka ‘ Full Moon Maple , ’ is prized for its almost fern - shaped leave , which have between seven to 11 profoundly - reduce lobes .
While it has a lovely thick cherry color during the summer , in the fall the foliation becomes a magnificent orange red with stir of orange tree and purple .
It only grows to about 10 feet tall and all-embracing when mature , so it ’s idealistic for smaller topographic point , and grows well in zone 5 to 7 .
’ Aconitifolium ’
you may find ’ Aconitifolium’available at Maple Ridge Nurseryin a form of container sizes .
Note that allA. japonicumtrees are sometimes look up to as full moon maples , but there are numerous cultivars and diverseness available .
need More Options ?
Be trusted to check out our supplementary guide , “ 21 of the Best Japanese Maple Varieties . ”
Managing Pests and Disease
Let me preface this surgical incision by saying that I know this expect like a long inclination , which may go you to retrieve that Japanese maples have a net ton of problems .
While they are susceptible to a fortune of different blighter and disease pathogen , they are generally healthy and you wo n’t often go across problems .
So , yes , there are a peck of issues to watch out for , but you should n’t run into them too often .
Insects
Nipponese maple pestis can rove from gently annoying to devastating , plus they can spread disease . Here are the most likely perpetrator that you ’ll come across .
If there ’s one pestilence out there that can cue a onslaught of foul spoken communication from my oral fissure , it ’s aphids . Not because they ’re so prejudicious , though they can be , but because they are so common .
Aphids are n’t potential to stamp out your Japanese maple , but they can make the leaves to chickenhearted , and they exit behind a sticky residue squall honeydew that attractssooty moldand pismire .
To learn more about aphids and how to treat them , take our comprehensive guide .
A type of borer , known more specifically as Asiatic ambrosia beetles ( Xylosandrus crassiusculus ) , are pests that you commonly wo n’t see unless your tree is already weaken or die . The borers attack stressed trees , making the situation worse .
The beetles stand into the proboscis and branches , leaving behind frass that looks like sawdust . You might also notice holes in the branch and automobile trunk .
Beyond the physical equipment casualty , the beetles carry ambrosia fungus , which may taint the interior of the tree . These holes also lead the tree open to other disease .
Infested plant may have yellow or wilt leave of absence , give-up the ghost branches , and stunted growth . Young trees may die out .
To treat for these pests , remove infested branch where you’re able to see holes . glow or dispose of the woods in a sealed bag . Heavily infested Tree may need to be removed .
It ’s important to keep your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree hefty as a preventive measuring rod so you wo n’t have to look this trouble at all , because there is n’t a estimable home curative for killing the beetle other than get rid of the wood that they ’re living in .
Cottony maple exfoliation ( Pulvinaria innumerabilis ) is most common and prejudicial on silver andred maples , but they attack Japanese tree diagram as well . Most obtrusive in declamatory numbers , you ’ll see the grownup female person and their eggs lining the body and subdivision .
What do they look like ?
These flat , ellipse , brown dirt ball are covered in a cottony , waxy white substance that protect them . During the summertime , you ’ll also see cottony mass of petite testicle , which burst open with hundreds of tiny nymphs that fawn out and attach to nearby leaves .
The leaves of heavily infested branches might turn brown or scandalmongering before fall down , and affected branches might break down back if there is a large enough plague , but that ’s not common .
As with aphids , these insects secrete honeydew , a steamy nub that draw coal-black mold .
good insectslike parasitoid wasps and ladybugs are key to keeping these dirt ball under control naturally , which is why practice good garden direction that promotes the health of your entire little ecosystem is cardinal .
That means avoid broad - spectrum pesticides whenever potential .
If your garden lacks good insects , check out with your local garden store to see if they carry parasitic white Anglo-Saxon Protestant that do well in your arena .
you’re able to also buy ladybugs for release into the garden . Just make trusted you look for one that have been raised in captivity rather than ladybugs collected from the wild and ship elsewhere .
To help your little predator friendskeep scale in check , you’re able to wipe any pests you’re able to get hold of off the tree with a cotton plant lump dipped in chafe alcohol .
Find more steer on identifying and assure Nipponese maple tree pests here .
Disease
As long as you provide the correct environmental conditions , most Japanese maples are quite healthy . That does n’t mean your Tree wo n’t experience any disease whatsoever , but serious transmission are n’t terribly common .
That say , you ’ll want to know what to bet for so you may take quick natural action if a disease - get pathogen sneaks in . Here are the most common issues :
While anthracnose generally wo n’t kill a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , it sure is an horrible disease . It ’s induce in maples by the fungusAureobasidium apocryptum .
When this fungus flak , it make tan blotch and spots on foliage along the margins and veins . Under idealistic condition , and when allowed to boom ungoverned , this disease can stimulate folio to light and may even defoliate a tree .
So what are ideal condition ?
Anthracnose likes it cool and soused , and it ’s spread by water . Crowded trees and dense foliage combined with overhead watering , plus lots of debris on the solid ground surrounding the tree where the fungi can hang out and overwinter , is just unadulterated .
Generally , if you avoid these conditions your tree will be fine , even if it does contract the disease . You should , however , prune aside any septic parts .
Powdery mold is extremely unwashed in temperate climates , and while most people seem to be familiar with it on vegetable in the garden , it can also attack bush and trees .
see to it out our usher onhow to spot and handle it using constitutive and homemade technique .
This disease is due to the airborne bacteriaPseudomonas syringae . It ’s particularly predominant during cool , blind drunk weather condition , particularly if you recently went through a ironical , warm period . It produce into your tree through wounds on the barque or leaves .
In the late winter or early outpouring as the buds on your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree start to emerge , you ’ll notice that affected buds have turned black and die off . You may also see branches or sections of bark turning black as well . You might also noteleaf spotting , and the steer of branches may die .
The ripe way to avoid this bacterial disease is to reduce the chances that it can take hold . That means only trim during dry weather when the hint is unagitated .
hit and ruin any septic arm , and exercise good pruning in the dusk so that plants do n’t ache from wintertime injury .
ascendent rot is one of those diseases where by the time you spot symptoms , there ’s already a lot of harm happening underground . triggered by water supply molds in thePhytophthoragenus , it attacks the roots of plants , do them to rot .
Above ground , you ’ll generally see a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree that merely looks like it ’s growing easy or is n’t thriving . As the disease progresses , you might see moody brown cankers on the trunk that appear to be wet . They may or may not be oozing exonerated liquid .
Poor drainage is the independent perpetrator here , but overwatering , or watering on the foliage or proboscis , can also spread this disease .
Once you have your watering situation under control , apply a fungicide that incorporate hydrogen peroxide , such as ZeroTol HC , as a soil drench .
ZeroTol HC
If you run up against this disease , plunk up a gallon - size container of concentrateat Arbico Organicsto serve get the berth under control .
Learn more about diseases that can affect Nipponese maples here .
If you espy blackening branches on your tree , there ’s a strong chance it has vert . If you also see wilting and dying foliage , specially if they start bend yellow and brown at the edges before descend , you’re able to be middling indisputable this is the job .
If you cut spread the wood , you ’ll likely see dismal streaks . All of this is due to theVerticillium dahliaefungus , which lives in the soil ( for up to 13 eld ! ) .
First thing first , good drain is utterly primal to avoid and stop this disease . If you require to , better your soil ’s drainage . Then , cut back any go branches to at least six inch beyond the seeable symptoms .
Japanese Maple Best Uses
Nipponese maple are versatile additions to a garden because they come in so many sizes and shapes .
They can be used as garden focal points , small specimens , potted plant , or even asbonsai .
They can add texture and color to a funny place , or provide shade in a nook of your one thousand .
Some add color to a wintertime landscape with their colourful bark , while others provide interest with their striking folio shape .
Quick Reference Growing Guide
You Won’t Be Disappointed
As long as you take your meter with the decision , you wo n’t regret including a Nipponese maple in your landscape .
Most importantly , make certain the cultivar you choose is a good one , not only for your zone , but for the specific location in your garden that you ’ve selected .
Also , be certain to mollycoddle your plant in its first few year after implant in its new fix . Mostly , you just postulate to worry about tearing adequately .
There ’s nothing more disappointing than investing sentence and money in a beautiful tree just to watch it slowly – or rapidly – perish .
select the right-hand location and keep it well water , and you should be a happy unexampled Japanese maple agriculturist with a thriving new member of the garden to enjoy .
Also , if this guidebook was utilitarian for you , we have lots more that you might want to have a look at . Here are someother relevant guidesthat you should check out next :
pic by Kristine Lofgren © Ask the Experts , LLC . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.See our TOSfor more details . Originally published March 6 , 2018 . Last update : March 1 , 2023 . mathematical product picture via Arbico Organics and Maple Ridge Nursery . Uncredited photos : Shutterstock . Revised and updated from an original rendering by Amber Shidler .
About
Kristine Lofgren
